Fluoride in Drinking Water: Benefits, Risks & Optimal Levels
Beneficial for dental health
Optimal Min in Water
1
Optimal Max in Water
1
Unit
mg/L
Symbol
F
Who Limit
2
None
5 min read
Overview of Fluoride in Drinking Water
What it is: Fluoride (F) is a naturally occurring mineral that, in optimal amounts, strengthens tooth enamel and prevents cavities. Many water systems add fluoride intentionally for this benefit.
Why it matters: Fluoride is one of public health's greatest success stories—water fluoridation has reduced tooth decay by 25% in communities. However, excess fluoride causes dental and skeletal fluorosis.
Natural sources: Dissolves from fluorite and other fluoride-bearing minerals. Some regions (parts of India, China, East Africa) have naturally high fluoride requiring treatment. Volcanic areas may also have elevated levels.
Optimal range (0.5–1.5 mg/L): This range provides dental benefits without risk of fluorosis. Most fluoridated water systems target around 0.7 mg/L. Natural mineral waters vary widely.
Too high (>2 mg/L): WHO guideline is 1.5 mg/L. Excess causes dental fluorosis (tooth discoloration) in children. Severe excess (>4 mg/L) over years can cause skeletal fluorosis—bone and joint damage.
Too low (<0.3 mg/L): Misses the dental protection benefit. Communities without natural or added fluoride have higher rates of tooth decay. Topical fluoride (toothpaste) can compensate.
